【同义词辨析】 2020-03-31 下降deterioration-decline

deterioration: implies impairment of such valuable qualities as vigor, resilience, or usefulness: the ~ of her memory in recent years.   deteriorate和impair互释,都表示损害降低,使不再complete and efficient健全有效,用于健康记忆力量等,如本例近年记忆下降,如years of smoking impaired his health损害健康         vitality活力强调生存力繁殖力,vigor也叫活力,但强调力量体力耐力


degeneration: stresses physical, intellectual, or moral retrogression: the ~ of his youthful idealism.   (来自词根GEN表示出生birth,如gene基因genesis创世纪generation一代人genre类型体裁carcinogen致癌物,
词根DE表示down往下这个词比下边的颓废堕落decadence严重地多,如inactivity can make your bones to degenerate长期不活动会导致骨骼退化如a degenerative disease退化性疾病,social/moral degeneration社会堕落倒退/道德沦丧,如degenerate criminals堕落的罪犯)  physical 1、物理的,指可以"测量"的 2、身体的, 是bodily肉体的委婉说法     retrograde向后后退to move backwards,如a retrograde flow/step/development/motion流/后退/退化/天体逆行


decadence: presupposes a
previous attainment of maturity or excellence and implies a turn downward with a consequent loss of vitality or energy: cited rock music as a sign of cultural ~.    颓废表示"意志消沉精神萎靡",decadence还表示历史上的颓废主义或颓废派,最先在1880年用来称呼一群放浪的法国青年诗人,他们反对受道德或生活目标的约束,主张"为艺术而艺术"。decadence还表示放纵贪图享受implies luxurious self-indulgence,如cream cakes on a Wednesday—pure decadence星期三吃奶油蛋糕——完全是放纵堕落)  又如he denounced Western decadence他抨击了西方的颓废


decline: suggests a more marked downward direction and greater momentum as well as more obvious evidence of deterioration: the meteoric rise and ~ of his career.    如my grandmother's health/condition has been declining rapidly祖母健康迅速恶化  "但也可以表示逐渐下降",如a rapid/sharp/gradual decline迅速/急剧/逐渐下降    
momentum动量冲力势头  流星的,迅速成功的


deterioration下降损坏: 表示体力柔韧度功能等
,degeneration堕落倒退: 指身体精神道德等严重倒退,decadence颓废堕落: 表示之前成熟优秀,后变得萎靡,decline下降: 可以表示明显、速度更快的下降,或泛指下降


记忆方法: 1)首字母DDDD想成4个Down<==下降          ""的古字形像"两脚交替沿山而下",本义是"从高处走下来",与"陟(向上行走)"字义正好相反。由本义引申,泛指"下降落下",如出世出生叫降生降临,"以降"表示一段时间或一片范围。都反映出从高处向低处的变动。降还指"向对方屈服,或制服、使驯服",如投降降军降服受降    
"退"的意思是"向后移动",与"进"相对,从。"彳"表示"步行","攵"表示"足的反写"。本义是"向后走",如退步退路退却退让倒退,引申为"离开",如退席退伍退职退休引退退毛退色

         2)
下降的意思是品质活力等由高到低mean a falling from a higher to a lower level in quality, character, or vitality.    level水平,sea level海平面